12+-+Age+of+Religious+Wars

__Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars __ = **__FRANCE __** =

Huguenots- · French Protestants who were carefully monitored in Paris when Lutheran writings and ideas began to spread. · In 1540, the Edict of Fontainbleau was enforced, placing Protestants under the Inquisition. · 2/5 of the French nobility became Huguenots. · The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570) acknowledged Protestant nobility, and allowed Huguenots to freely practice their religion within their territories.

King Charles V – · Holy Roman Emperor; Hapsburg family · Inherited 17 provinces in the Netherlands. · Major cities act as cultural centers. They are the centers of trade. · Charles V tried to put down the Protestants, but his people were still loyal.

Catherine de Médicis and the Guises- · Served as regent for her son, Charles IX, after the death of Francis II. · Feared the power of the Guises, and first sought an alliance among Protestants. · Enforced the January Edict, which allowed Protestants to practice their beliefs quietly. However, the Duke of Guise had his men massacre Protestants at a congregation, which began the French wars of religion. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Seeing how powerful the Guise, were, Catherine shifted favors, understanding that her country politically needed the influence of the Guise. She worked with them and contributed to Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, where 20,000 Huguenots were killed.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Henry III – · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The last son of Henry II who became king. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He issued the Peace of Beaulieu, which granted Huguenot freedom, however, the Catholic League forced the king to return the state back to absolute religious unity. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He attempted a surprise attack against the League in 1588, but failed and was forced to leave France. E ordered the assassination of the cardinal and duke of Guise. Now, he had to make an alliance with Henry of Navarre in order to defend himself against the Guise. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A Dominican friar killed Henry III.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Henry of Navarre- · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“Paris is worth a mass.” Born Protestant, the new king of France converts to Catholicism and becomes Henry IV. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Issued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed Huguenots to freely practice their religion in their respective territories. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He was a //politique//, and was religiously tolerant.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">THE NETHERLANDS __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">William of Orange- · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He was a Calvinist //stadholder//, or governor, of the Netherlands. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unified opposition against Spanish invaders: Pacification of Ghent. This stated that regional sovereignties could determine religious matters. Therefore, the northern region, the Union of Utrecht, was Protestant, while the Southern 10 provinces, the Union of Arras, made peace with Catholic Spain. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">William was assassinated in July 1584 when Phillip II declared him an outlaw and placed a bounty on him.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">SPAIN __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Phillip II- · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spanish King who married Bloody Mary. He greatly hated England, and looked for a reason to go to war with them. He manipulated Mary Queen of Scots to order the assassination Queen Elizabeth. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Influenced by Pope Sixtus, who offered money to the king if he were to attack England. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">At the time, he had the great Spanish Armada, which controlled the seas.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ENGLAND __**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Mary I – · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Married to King Phillip II of Spain, she enforced drastic religious intolerance. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">She repealed the Protestant decrees of Edward, and took the country back to Catholic ways. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">She had many English Protestants killed, giving her the nickname, “Bloody Mary.”

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">Elizabeth I – · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, making her Mary’s half-sister. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">She passed the Act of Supremacy, which repealed the Catholic legislation enforced by Mary I.   · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">She was religiously tolerant. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">She was forced to have Mary Queen of Scots killed. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">She defended her country, fighting against the powerful Spanish Armada.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 150%;">//Major Events//:


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Thirty Years' War __ **
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It lasted from 1618 to 1648. The time period consisted of Catholic or Lutheran religions.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">There were four phases of the war:
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Bohemian phase (1618-1625) consisted of a civil war of a Catholic league and a Protestant union. In Bohemia, German Catholics win and gain huge phase of the war.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Danish phase (1625-1629) included King Christian IV getting involved and says Protestants need help. Ferdinand hires mercenary Albert of Walenstein to fight back and controls an army of 100,000 while defeating the Christians. The Edict of Restitution was also issued and states that, “all lands taken by Protestants will be given back to Catholics”. However, Catholics and Lutherans can still preach. Shortly after, the Peace of Augsburg is reestablished.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The third phase, the Swedish phase (1630-1635), had a Swedish King Gustauus Adolphus and was majorly involved with world power. On behalf of the Protestants, he is intertwined and also has support of French Cardinal Reishileau. At this time, France is rivals with the Hapsburgs so France helps Sweden. There is a major contrast with leaders as well including Adolphus winning major victories and Walensteins army loosing.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The fourth phase, the International Phase (1635-1648) consists of France getting involved militarily along with Sweden, France, Protestants, and Catholics stealing land from Germany for 13 years. During this time, France and Spain declare war in Germany resulting in the Treaty of Westphalia of October 1648. To continue, Netherlands are recognized as independent, France receives the right to intervene, Sweden receives more money, and the Pope can no longer interfere in German affairs.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Treaty of Westphalia __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended all hostility within the Holy Roman Empire. It was the first general peace in Europe after a war unprecedented for its number of warring parties.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Written not in Latin, but in French, the treaty rescinded Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution and reasserted the major feature of the religious settlement of the Peace of Augsburg ninety-three years earlier: The ruler of a land determines the official religion of that land.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The treaty also gave the Calvinists their long-sought legal recognition.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The independence of the Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, long recognized in fact, now proclaimed in law.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It broadened the legal status of Protestantism, the pope opposed it altogether, but he had no power to prevent it.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Also, by confirming the territorial sovereignty of Germany’s many political entities, the Treaty of Westphalia perpetuated German division and political weakness into the modern period. Only two German states attained any international significance during the seventeenth century: Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia.


 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Revolt of the Netherlands __ **
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">It consists of the Dutch revolt in the 1560’s.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Philip II appoints Margaret, a strong-willed Catholic, as his Regent of the Netherlands as she introduces the Inquisition. However, as taxes are increased, people hate her and unite opposition.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The late 1560’s consists of revolting and symbols in the Catholic churches being destroyed. Philip sends the Duke of Alba as head of 20,000 troops and opens up a court called Council of Blood where no sympathy is shown and these are mass murders.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Between 1568-1578, Civil War occurs between Protestants and Catholics. The provinces unite under William of Orange from the House of Orange. As a result, the Netherlands split as Spain floods the land and stops the army controlled by nobles and the wealthy and the south provinces are controlled by Spain. By 1581 northern provinces control the union of Utrecht and declare independence.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Edict of Nantes __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">On April 1, 1598, Henry IV’s famous Edict of Nantes proclaimed a formal religious settlement.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">In 1591, Henry IV had already assured the Huguenots of at least qualified freedoms. And this made good that promise.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">It recognized minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially catholic country. This religious truce—and it was never more than that—granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns. They were to exercise most of their new freedoms, however, within their own towns and territories revealing the continuing distrust between French Protestants and Catholics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">It only transformed a long hot war between irreconcilable enemies into a long cold war. In fact, the pursuit of the political and religious unity that had escaped Henry IV, Louis XIV, calling for “one king, one law, one faith,” would revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685, an action that forced France and Europe to learn again by bitter experience the hard lessons of the wars of religion.

__﻿__ __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Key Terms and Concepts **__
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Spanish Armada __**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On May 30 of 1588, 130 Spanish ships bearing 25,000 sailors and soldiers under the command of the duke of Medina-Sidonia set sail for England.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the end, however, the English won a stunning victory.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The news of the Armada’s defeat gave heart to Protestant resistance everywhere. Although Spain continued to win impressive victories in the 1590s, it never fully recovered.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spanish soldiers faced unified and inspired French, English, and Dutch armies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The French soon dominated the Continent, and in the New World the Dutch and the English whittled away at Spain’s overseas empire.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Counter Reformation: The Counter Reformations was the church’s response to the Reformation. It stressed the original ideologies of the church including the hierarchy of power arranged from parish priests all the way to the Pope. It also stressed an unquestioned obedience to the Pope.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Politique: A ruler or person in position of power who puts the success and well-being of their state above everything else.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Skepticism: Skeptic intellectuals were able understand toleration in religion more quickly than politicians. People were advised to look within themselves for religious truths rather than going to the church.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Edict of Nantes: The Edict of Nantes was issued by the Protestant Henry of Navarre of France and allowed Protestants freedom of worship and designated 150 towns to the Huguenots.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Union of Utrecht: The Union of Utrecht united the northern provinces of Netherlands against Spain and the Counter Reformation. They were able to resist all attempts to be reunited with Spain and eventually denounced King Philip II as there ruler making the Netherlands an independent nation.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">The Thirty Nine Articles: The Thirty Nine Articles was the official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England which established Protestantism as the official religion in England.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Treaty of Westphalia: Marked the end of the Thirty Years War. It recognized the German prince’s authority and the Pope could no longer deal in German affairs. It declared The Netherlands as independent and gave France the lands of Alsace Lorraine. It also added Calvinism to the Peace of Augsburg.