10+-+Renaissance+and+Discovery

__** Important Figures **__ **Mirandola:**
 * Wrote “On the Dignity of Man”
 * 1) Stated that “man is man in the image of God”
 * 2) Said that men have dignity and can be great
 * Said that man is not God-like.


 * Francesco Petrarch:**
 * Father of Humanism
 * Coined the “Dark Ages”
 * Created the “sonnet” writing style


 * Giovanni Boccaccio:**
 * Wrote “The Decameron”
 * Portrayed the Middle Ages as being a poor period and the Renaissance being great
 * Wrote “Adages”- little proverbs


 * Charles VIII:**
 * French king who in 1494 invades Italy
 * He takes advantage of Ilmoro’s request to come and fight Florence, the Papal States, and Naples. He actually wants to regain power in Italy.
 * The League of Venice kicks Charles VII out, and this starts the ideas of balance of power.


 * Pope Alexander:**
 * From the Borgia family
 * Had 2 kids, one of whom was Cesare
 * The election of the Pope was incredibly political and not about religion as much
 * Formed an alliance with Louis XII (after King Charles VIII), who wants to expand French land in Italy.
 * Anoles marriages (allows divorce)
 * Beats up Italian City States


 * Pope Julius II:**
 * Was elected pope in 1502
 * Known as the “warrior pope” because he was known for leading the army
 * Was big opponent of the Borgia family
 * Secures land for Papal States
 * Ends alliance with France and starts alliance with Spain
 * 1) This became the Holy League
 * 2) The League fought against France
 * 3) The League signs the Concordat of Bologna: France can appoint bishops, but the church (pope) gets power over the church councils.
 * Most gluttonous pope: had a lot of art made for him while peasants were starving


 * Machiavelli:**
 * Wrote “The Prince”
 * 1) Showed princes how to rule properly
 * Said that rulers should do everything they can to maintain power and improve the country
 * Said that “the ends justify the means”: it doesn’t matter how you get where you want to be
 * “It is better to be feared than loved if you can’t be loved.”
 * 1) The love of the people is fickle


 * Louis XI:**
 * Ruled France between 1461 and 1483
 * Called the “spider king” because he was treacherous (in a good way)
 * 1) Consolidated power
 * Got support from nobles
 * Gave money to the silk weaving industry
 * Arranges trade agreements and alliances
 * Uses severe taxes to pay for the army
 * (his son signed the Concordat of Bologna for France)


 * Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile**:
 * Got married to unite Spain
 * Expel Moors (Muslims) out of Spain
 * Killed people so that there were only Catholics in Spain: The Inquisition
 * 1) Tortured and burned Jews and Muslims
 * 2) Hurt Spain because Jews and Muslims were professionals
 * Have daughter: Joana, who marries Phillip of Austria (Hapsburgs). Then, Joana and Phillip have Catherine, who marries Henry VIII when her first husband dies.


 * Henry Tutor or Henry VII:**
 * Created the Court of the Star Chamber
 * 1) This was a torture chamber where people were taken to get answers
 * 2) Kept the nobility in check


 * Erasmus:**
 * First humanist to learn ancient Greek
 * Raised in monastery
 * Talked about living a pious, or simple, life
 * 1) This idea was contrasted to the fancy and luxurious life of Catholics
 * Translates the Bible into Greek
 * 1) Knowing Greek becomes essential
 * Comes up with Colloquies: parables of how people should live
 * Wrote Adages: a lot of proverbs
 * Philosophia Christi: his motto of living as simply as Jesus did
 * Many leaders of the day wanted Erasmus’ help, but he never took sides. If he did, he would have become much more famous.


 * Thomas More:**
 * Wrote “Utopia”-“no where”
 * 1) Talks about the perfect place
 * Was a bishop
 * Executed by Henry VII because Henry wanted to get married and More disapproved
 * Was in the Northern Europe, where humanism was more religious than in Italy.

__** Important Terms **__

**City States** – Rome (Papal States), Milan, Florence, Venice, Napals. **Despot** - A form of government ruled by one main person or group, similar to a tyranny. **4 Social Groups in Florence** – Grandi, Popolo Grosso, Middle-Burghers, Popolo Minute **Balance of Power** - When one power becomes too strong, the others join together to balance it out. **Humanism** – Mental idea of the Renaissance. **Studia Humanitatis** – Liberal education centered around the classics – Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, moral philosophy. **Individualism** – People do things for themselves. **Secularism** – Worldly things, religious or secular. People enjoy life. **Concordat of Bologna** – France gets to appoint Bishops, Pope has power over church councils, Pope gets to collect 1st year salary of Bishops. **Reichstag** – An imperial diet, meeting to discuss issues. **Colloquies** – Lessons for Erasmus’ students. **Adages** – Series of proverbs by Erasmus.

__** Major Events **__
 * The Ciompi revolt in Florence 1378-82 **
 * Occurred in the Summer of 1378
 * The popolo minuto, wanted representation
 * July 22- took control of the government by force
 * Backed by Arti Minori, less powerful guilds, who gave them guild privileges
 * Important because this was the first time all social classes were represented in government.


 * The Signing of Treaty of Lodi **
 * April 9, 1454
 * Allied Milan, Florence, and Naples
 * Established boundaries between Milan’s and Venice’s territories
 * Lasted less than 50 years
 * Important because while it lasted it created a balance of power and halted warfare


 * Charles VIII invades Italy **
 * Pope Innocent VIII and the Duke of Milan encouraged him to invade Naples
 * In 1494, he felt he was capable
 * February 22, 1495- reaches Naples with 25,000 men
 * Took over without a battle, Charles became King of Naples
 * Some believe that Charles will help purify their society
 * However, the quickness of his take over caused fear, and the League of Nations was formed
 * The League of Nations defeated Charles in July of 1495, at Fornovo
 * Important because Italy allies other countries


 * The Signing of Concordat of Bologna **
 * Agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X signed 1516
 * The Pope can collect the income of the Catholic Church in France
 * King of France can tax clerics and control their ability to appeal to Rome
 * King was able to nominated people for positions in the church in France, but only the Pope could make it official
 * Important because it helped to reform France and eased tensions between the French monarchy and the Papacy


 * The Sack of Rome **
 * After defeating France, soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire learned they would not be getting paid because the Holy Roman Empire could no longer afford it
 * The army revolted and forced leader Charles III to lead them to Rome
 * May 6, 1527 they reached Rome and the attack began
 * After Charles III was killed, the enraged soldiers managed to capture Rome
 * Killed roughly 1,000 people and most of the Swiss Guard, then began pillaging
 * Pillaged churches, monasteries, and the palaces of Cardinals
 * June 6, Pope Clement VII surrendered and paid a ransom of 400,000 ducati for his life
 * Important because it ended the Roman Renaissance, weakened the Papacy, and although Charles V was embarrassed it was noted that he did have a powerful army and Pope Clement VII was afraid to upset him, which resulted in him simply giving the Bishopric of Utrecht to the Habsburgs.